Posted on by Jón Frímann

Bárðarbunga daily update for 7-October-2014

This is the daily update for Bárðarbunga volcano on 6-October-2014.

I’m sorry for this late update. I’ve been more busy today then I planned. I did manage to solve one network problem that I was having. The other network problem that I am having is out of my reach it seems (It’s a problem with the ISP network connection to my end I think).

Status of Bárðarbunga volcano on 7-October-2014

  • The largest earthquake today had the magnitude of 5,5. It took place at 10:22 UTC. Other earthquakes that happened today where smaller. It seems that around 5 – 20 earthquakes that are larger then magnitude 3,0 happen every day now in Bárðarbunga volcano. This has been going on now for almost two months.
  • The eruption in Holuhraun continues far as I know. I am not sure on how large the lava field is today. Visibility has been poor to none today due to weather in this area at the moment.
  • Tourists are continuing to trying to kill them self by getting close to the eruption site. The newest case involves a millionaire (or billionaire?) from Kazakhstan that landed close the lava field. They where lucky that wind did not change direction while they where there. The amount of SO2 close to the eruption has been recorded going up to 130.000 μg/m³. That is good enough to kill instantly and melt people lungs (read up on that can be found here).  News item on this stunt can be found here.
  • I suspect that activity in the south part of Bárðarbunga volcano system is about to start. When it is going to start full force is impossible to know for sure.
  • It is a question of Tungnafellsjökull volcano is getting unstable due the unrest in Bárðarbunga volcano. It appears to be in the same rift area, even if it is in a different volcano.
  • Skrokkalda volcano appears to be stable for now (No GVP profile). This is important since Tungafellsjökull volcano fissure swarm extents into it and it is next to Bárðarbunga volcano fissure swarm. This volcano has no information on-line about it, besides what I have written about it. It is an active volcano, but has been dormant for a long time. Some hydrothermal activity might happen in it on the surface.
  • I don’t know how the status is on Hamarinn volcano (Loki-Fögrufjöll). I am however assuming that volcano to be unstable. It last erupted in July-2011 with a minor eruption that lasted some 8 to 10 hours in total. Eruptions in Hamarinn volcano happens without warning and without any earthquake activity, at least not high amount of earthquake activity far as I can tell.

141007_2330
Activity today in Bárðarbunga volcano and the 45 km long dyke. Copyright of this image belongs to Icelandic Met Office.

hkbz.svd.23.46.utc.on.07.10.2014
This is how the earthquake did appear on my geophone in Heklubyggð. The website for my geophones can be found here. This image is released under Creative Commons Licence. Please see CC Licence for more details.

If anything more happens I am going to add information about it here.

154 Replies to “Bárðarbunga daily update for 7-October-2014”

    1. Thank you, Jón, for your interesting post.

      Could the volcano, you call Skrokkalda (and which should be the location of one of the SIL’s) , be the/part of the Hágöngur-System (south of Tungnafellsjökull)?
      Some papers on these Hágöngur:
      http://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/0641.pdf
      and
      http://www.os.is/gogn/unu-gtp-report/UNU-GTP-2004-10.pdf

      There is another volcano called Hágöngur in the south of Vatnajökull near Graenalón, but Skrokkalda is next to the a.m. one.

      1. I was not aware of any other volcanoes besides Hamarinn and Skrokkalda at that location. This might be undocumented volcano and not any maps today.

        This might be a smaller independent volcano between Hamarinn and Skrokkalda. This smaller volcanoes are well known in Iceland, both active and extinct ones. There is a young lava field called Sveðjuhraun in this area. I don’t know anything about it or what volcano erupted it or when it erupted (Skrokkalda volcano is the most likely candidate based on what I see, but this is just speculation). There doesn’t appear to be much information about it on-line also.

        There is a lot of things we do not know about this area. I am sure this eruption period that now has started is going to show us many new interesting things about this area.

    2. It is a bit problematic to link every large quake to a specific event.There has been attempts at linking quakes to drops on the gps and really the only thing that can be gleaned from the gps is that it curently averages a drop of 40cm a day.Any sharp movement during that day ,up or down possibly has little relevance .The bigger picture in my opinion is the quakes mean the activity causing them is ongoing and if the locations and depths are changing the effects of the activity are then becoming more widespread.If the quakes increase in number the intensity of the activity is increasing.

  3. I am asking about the bardarbunga volcano is it or any other volcanoes going to erupt and if so could this pose a global problem?

    1. I’m not an expert but I can try to answer.

      No one knows for sure.

      But in the worst of worst case eruption scenarios, it could be a big global problem. Right now the worst that could happen would be a caldera collapse producing an eruption on the scale of Mt Pinatubo in the Phillipines http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo which would cool the global climate for a year or two and disrupt air traffic.

      But volcanoes and fissure swarms in this part of Iceland are capable of far worse, the best known case being the so-called Laki eruption in 1783 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki , when several volcanoes and fissures went off at the same time, killing a quarter of the Icelandic population and creating so much SO2 gas it killed thousands of people in Europe and changed the global weather so much as many as 6 million died worldwide, especially in India. A similar eruption now could kill far more people because there are a lot more people on the edge now, despite the green revolution and so on.

      However, those are worst and worse-than-worst case scenarios — it remains quite possible, in the best case, the current fissure eruption will die out and everything will return back to normal, with no central volcano eruptions at all, for a long while anyway.

      The truth will probably be somewhere in between, e.g. an eruption up a vent along the side of the current volcanic plug that produces some ash and perhaps a glacial flood but no crumbling of the plug, or glacial floods and possibly ash from eruptions in the dike feeding the current eruption, but under the glacier. Those would not be global problems although they might disrupt some air traffic depending on wind direction, and the ash could be a problem for parts of Iceland, as could any large glacial flooding.

      1. “Right now the worst that could happen would be a caldera collapse producing an eruption on the scale of Mt Pinatubo in the Phillipines”

        Not likely to happen. At least not at this stage. For there to be a caldera collapse there would need to be a Pinatubo scale eruption FIRST. That empties the magma chamber, then it can no longer support the weight of the mountain above it, and the mountain collapses. Pinatubo’s caldera is only about 1/4 the width of this volcano.

        What we are more likely to see is dome building in the area of the existing caldera for a few thousand years and then another eruption on the scale of the one that created the current caldera.

  4. Hekla cam is clear…looks like you can see both the Blood Moon and Bardarbunga at the moment. Very cool!

    Keep up the awesome work Jon!

  6. Ran across this video posted yesterday (10/6) with Professor Robert White from Cambridge talking about how his team was studying Askja and happened to have 70 seismometers deployed when the current activity started. And how they managed to place 15 more just ahead of the eruption. Plus some stunning video. It’s great to hear such excitement from the academics. (Apologies if posted already.)

    Luck and Lava: http://youtu.be/xVCfEeVoCWE

    1. Cambridge smiles all over the place. They have some puzzling questions to solve for the next few years with the overload of data.

  8. Can the M5.5 focal mechanism diagram be trusted. If so it was not the usual fault slippage with a vertical component. Possibly rifting as there were many quakes all along the icelandic pat of the MAR at similar times. Also possibly some distortion due to magma. Now over to the expert IngeB….

    1. It’s in the wrong location, see above, but there have been a lot of those white center non-double-couple diagrams around the rim of the caldera. The white center means (most likely) subsidence. White means pressure easing, so a white center means rock moving away from the surface. No fault except possibly the curve of a ring fault involved. There are other 5+ eqs around Vatna in this episode that are normal fault earthquakes, one side slipping down relative to the other, but most of the ones forming a ring around the magma chamber suggest subsidence.

      I fear to understand the meaning of those moment tensors from GFZ we’ll have to look up the proper lat long locations via IMO every time. I suppose I could write an app to do it via the timestamps, but it would be work. 🙂 Maybe there’s a better source for earthquake mechanisms? Or maybe that was just one bad apple/beachball.

      1. By wrong location, I mean GFZ places it halfway towards Kverkfjöll, but its accurate location per IMO at 99% confidence is right on the edge of the magma chamber where a lot of the other big eqs have been happening.

      2. doesn’t a white center (non-double couple beachball) mean a dilational fracture ??Ie rock being split apart, as opposed to rock grinding past another rock surface ( my structural geology course is 35 years gone …)

  9. I think you are right Jon, we are on the verge of an eruption in part of bard – no one can wave a magic wand and say today or tomorrow, but it seems to have changed. The linear motion since yesterdays 5.5 has picked up. The mass of the plug has been roughly calculated at 400 cubic kilometres, and we have to remember that magma is lighter than rock, so whilst it may be in equilibrium with supporting magma, that will try to bypass it.

    1. You are assuming any future eruption has to involve the existing caldera roof or plug,calderas often develop ìn sections?A new eruption may cause partial roof and partial rim collapse?

      1. I should have said “eruption does not have to involve the whole caldera roof or plug”

    1. No investment is done.

      Those with the money do not do it, because they don’t see profit on it.
      Those that want to do it, like me, do not have the money to do it.

      Still I grow food indoors, as much as possible.
      But in winter it’s challenging and costly, as it require growing lamps all the time. Easier and cheaper to buy food grown outdoors elsewhere overseas.

  11. (WOT) Way Off Topic. 3 main ways life has survived cataclysms is
    1. burrow undergroud
    2. produce a seed that is buried underground
    3. Live under the ocean.

    I prefer 3. Not keen on leaving this planet but then I’m just an old stick in the mud / earth / rock ….

  12. Hi jon,

    Do you or somebody else have some information or new photos about flights over the caldera of BB?
    Would be great to see how it looks right now.

    Thx, bless

  13. My rough calculation… 24 EQs larger than 5 in less than a month.
    If I only count the EQs since September 12th, we have
    5.0 7x
    5.1 2x
    5.2 7x
    5.3 2x
    5.4 2x
    5.5 4x
    not counting the numerous smaller EQs.

    Just how much can one bulge take before it crumbles? There must be a lot of rock fracturing constantly going on. How this can continue in such an steady manner is a mystery to me.

    2. I am thinking ,if there was a body of high silica magma,that this magma has high energy storage potential,so it absorbs a lot of energy(heat) and any energy it cannot absorb is released via the surrounding rock as kinetic energy (earthquakes),in effect it is a “heat engine”,so to follow which parts of the magma are heating ,follow the quakes.Oops someone is coming with a straitjacket,must go.

    1. Does anyone know why Holuhraun was name hole larva. What hole did it refer to?

      1. It´s very likely just a description. Most lavas are quite uneven and often cluttered with holes and pits.

  16. Jon and i like the picture you gave me,

    i guess those who write hear comments are almost all scientists like ingeb, in one line was tensor written=))! but those other people , they ask the most brilliant questions!

    imri

  17. SO2 spike in the capital area now. I just took this from photo my balcony in Seltjarnarnes (suburban town on the western tip of the Reykjavik area) towards Reykjanes: http://i.imgur.com/tvMLfEZ.jpg

    Mt Keilir can be seen on the left.

      1. It’s not dangerous at all. May bother some asthmatics and otherewise sensitive people, but it’s nothing serious and generally fizzles out within an hour or two.

        Reykjavik is so far away from the eruption that we’re unlikely to see properly bad concentrations over here. It peaked at something like 500 µg/m3, right about the time I took that photo.

    2. “Wow” for the picture, not so good for your health.
      I’m interested to hear how the islanders take this situation. They must go to work, so they must go out. Can you prepare yourself? Did you smell it? Or is it bearable?

    3. That looks like a lung problem ready to happen! I think my asthma started to act up just looking at that picture, and I live in the US!

    5. Oh Eyjólfur, you are so lucky, you can see mountains!!!

      Here in Grimsnes, south Iceland, we can’t see any mountain further than 10km away. So if it was Reykjavik you couldn’t see Esja or Bláfjoll! Totally haze erases any nearby mountains. It’s being like in a ghosty fog!

      But I am still breathing normally.

      1. In past 48 hours we peaked already at nearly 1000 ug/m3, well that’s worse than 500 ug/m3. At 500 ug/m3 its just haze, at 1000 ug/m3 the haze is thicker and you start noticing air is a bit too dirty and you start feeling subtle changes after being for a while outdoors. In chest. But you recover quite fine afterwards. Smell is sometimes rubbery, car-like, dirty, ashy, bleech at times.

      3. I have a summer cabin in Grímsnes (close to Þingvallavegur/main Grímsnes road t-junction). Perhaps I should go there with some camera gear before this calm northeasterly wind changes. 🙂

        There is naturally the normal atmospheric haze (“Fjarlægðin gerir fjöllin blá” and all that) in this photo, but for a brief duration today, things really became flat, contrast-less and a eerie blue-ish hue. But you still would’ve needed to do what I did to make it stand out – shoot a fairly distant subject with a telephoto lens. Photojournalists do the same thing when asked to capture urban (especially particle) pollution for their publications. More material in the line of view => more pronounced effect.

        Still wearing shorts and and t-shirt in the capital area btw, amazingly warm so far this week!

      4. Thought that you would have to use a good telephoto lens, because (the pyramidal hyaloclastic mountain) Keilir looks so big here and you said you are located in Seltjarnarnes. Very fine photo. 🙂

  18. I think the cluster of quake activity on the northern part of the caldera is a zone of weakness that is possibly going to form a small nested caldera. I thought at first it may happen to the south, but it looks like that is going to be in this northern area now. With the amount of magma being intruded the area of crustal instability has to be expanding. Eruption wise I would not expect anything, but this should be interesting to see develop.

  19. Have they changed the angle on cam one as it just cleared and there was what looked like an eruption straight ahead I took a still but have no idea how to link it here?

      1. I can see it. And as I take the last look this morning there was snow on the hill, must be “warm” now…

    2. It´s a hole in the cloud cover letting the sun through right where the lava meets the river.

      1. Actually, if you stay on cam1 you can see the clouds opening up in different places and “god-rays” coming though. At one point it looked like an alien invasion right over the eruption site. Unfortunately I was to slow to make a screen shot as it only lasted for a few seconds.

  20. It’s about time for another big EQ or at least a swarm of 3’s and 4’s. It has been very quiet at BB for awhile now, and there is a pattern that needs to be adhered to by our shaky mountain. BB has not disappointed us yet, but we must consider the future holds many surprises with this giant.

      1. or you have another one (new) 🙂 which is 5.2 …. where can you see an downgrade ?

    2. That is one valid explanation and there are others, too. In fact, there might be no ONE thing and we might be seeing a combination of things going on.

      1. Note how he is talking about a caldera floor “block” slipping 1metre.That is a partial floor collapse not the plunger lid effect,so this gps was put over an area of block subidence?

  22. No big quakes so far today! The 5.5 that is now a 5.2 was at 0,1km depth? Didn’t notice that before.

  23. The 5.2 is now back up to a 5.5 , and we have just had a 5.2 in the last 15 minutes or so.
    Big BB is right on time again!

  26. Where we stand today:

    Below the magma chamber 100km^3 in size is a mantle plume of
    geologic proportions capable of feeding the
    fissure eruption for another million years.

    Chemical composition of erupted magma indicates deep source.
    Bouyancy of magma can account only for one third of the feed rate,
    so something else must be going on such as

    (a) the caldera bottom sliding into the magma chamber
    (b) crustal movement squeezing the magma chamber
    (all of which has nothing to do with a deep source)

    (c) nuclear reactors at the core mantle boundary have cleared waste products
    hundreds of thousands of years ago and are now running at full tilt invigoratig
    the mantle plume so that standard assumptions about bouyancy do not apply, or

    (d) unknown phase changes are taking place swelling something deep down, or

    (e) it is simply a manifestation of general “earth changes” such as magnetic
    field disintegration, galactic alignements, pole shift or even the wickedness of
    mankind.

    The caldera is no proof of explosive potential since calderas can also be built
    by other processes. The magma in the magma chamber is probably basaltic but maybe
    rhyolitic, one does not know since samples are inaccessible under hundreds of meters
    of ice.

    The ice cap is sagging in places and this is because:

    (a) The caldera bottom is tilting about pivot points which accounts for
    circumferential uplift, or

    (b) The magma chamber has a pancake like lid of evolved magma forcing newly arriving
    magma to move to the circumference where it builds an inflating torus which raises the
    rim and depresses the center, or

    (c) a subglacial eruption is taking place, melting water, which
    flows downhill, or flows uphill, or disappears into cracks, or
    none of the above, since trapped air in the ice is set free and escapes through
    venues unavailable to meltwater or is compressed and can account for the
    missing volume.

    Employees of the met office have overflown the glacier on Saturday, October 4,
    but no findings have been made public and this is because:

    (a) they are slothful, or
    (b) the findings are too disturbing to be released to the public, or
    (c) they no longer reside in iceland and are building survival shelters
    south of the equator.

      1. To be fair everything that the scientists are saying is true,the mystery is in what they are not saying?

    3. After reading your comments, absalom hicks, I am laughing so hard that I have tears running down my cheeks. I think I need a vacation like Jon to reconnect with this world. This Bardarbunga watching is really getting to be too much for such a simple soul as myself. After all, we must continue to be logical at all costs!

    4. Great post. THANKS. Love your sense of humor that . . . in the final analysis may turn out to be not humor but fact, after all. LOL.

      It is curious that we don’t have more info and pics from their Saturday overflight. I wonder WHAT THAT IS about???

      There’s been the teasers about a “lagoon” forming and one sentence may have mentioned a lake. But no pics. And not much description in words, either. Sigh.

      1. There was another interview with volcanologist Ármann Höskuldson at Vísir.
        http://www.visir.is/gigurinn-baugur-er-thegar-100-metra-har/article/2014141009106

        In the 2nd half of the text, they mention that the lava dammed lake. It seems that it is emptying from time to time. The river water finds new escape routes.

        Acc. to Ármann Höskuldson, the main crater Bauger has now reached a height of about 100 m, but the lava production is declining and so is the eruption.

    1. Yes and now the direction of the plume seems to be straight towards the UK hmm, sorry 😉

      1. Good job we’re due to get strong winds & plenty of heavy showers (at least in Somerset) over the next few days!

  29. Why is there confusion about the quakes? Only one showing?

    Wednesday
    08.10.2014 15:24:14 64.680 -17.491 5.1 km 5.2 99.0 4.7 km NNE of Bárðarbunga

    1. It was the 5.5 from yesterdays that was changed to 5.2 and back. I’ve seen it also…

    2. Jeebus. Either that’s an optical illusion or there has been a substantial increase in output.

      1. No, not optical illusion. If you see the live cam it shows biger and seams more explosive…

      1. Is that not too far away? 45 km ?

        Is it not more like choking? As Ármann Höskuldson mentioned the eruption output was declining.

      2. I mean that the conduits could be closing.

        On the other hand, more viscous magma could perhaps have similar effects …

      3. If as people are saying(big if) ,it is fluctuating,then that could be indicative of increasing viscosity.That does not necessarily mean more output ,just a more energetic output?

    4. I don’t know if it was bigger than before…could be that the rim of the cone has broken, so we can look a little bit inside, but I saw this some days ago…also Magma flowing/moving…I’ve not seen great fountains…
      It’s really not easy to verify changes by some webcampictures.

  33. Wednesday
    08.10.2014 18:48:58 64.671 -17.451 0.1 km 4.6 99.0 5.0 km NE of Bárðarbunga

  36. The fissure eruption appears to be showing an increase in magma output and lava flow shows a clear visible velocity leaving the fissure.

    Small breakout vents are showing in several places at the base of cone/ shield. I watched this last night and questioned if the cone had collapsed in some sections at the top.

    The fissure is still a small part of the larger picture one point of interest today was the

    2014-10-08
    10:29:56 UTC M4.9 NORTH OF SVALBARD
    8hr 54min ago Depth:2 Km
    1929 km N of Reykjavík, Iceland / pop: 113,906 / local time: 10:29:56.7 2014-10-08

    Movements of the Eurasian plate away from Iceland can only be good in easing pressure, from the ongoing Rifting event under Bardarbunga.

    1. There are some points I don’t understand here.
      – What is “visible velocity”?
      – What are “breakout vents”?
      – How could the Eurasian Plate move away from Iceland when half the country is located on this plate?

  37. Absalom, excellent comment!
    The answers to you:

    Chemical composition of erupted magma indicates deep source.
    Bouyancy of magma can account only for one third of the feed rate,
    so something else must be going on such as

    (a) the caldera bottom sliding into the magma chamber
    (b) crustal movement squeezing the magma chamber
    (all of which has nothing to do with a deep source)

    (c) nuclear reactors at the core mantle boundary have cleared waste products
    hundreds of thousands of years ago and are now running at full tilt invigoratig
    the mantle plume so that standard assumptions about bouyancy do not apply, or

    (d) unknown phase changes are taking place swelling something deep down, or

    (e) it is simply a manifestation of general “earth changes” such as magnetic
    field disintegration, galactic alignements, pole shift or even the wickedness of
    mankind.

    Correct answer is D.
    Hotspot plume pulses. Rifting is induced. As rifting widens, so does caldera and chambers, as this happens, a void is created, caldera sinks.
    Deep down things are always “changing” and “swelling”, and so more when we are at another 130 years since last peak in volcanic activity in Iceland

    The caldera is no proof of explosive potential since calderas can also be built
    by other processes. The magma in the magma chamber is probably basaltic but maybe
    rhyolitic, one does not know since samples are inaccessible under hundreds of meters
    of ice.

    The ice cap is sagging in places and this is because:

    (a) The caldera bottom is tilting about pivot points which accounts for
    circumferential uplift, or

    (b) The magma chamber has a pancake like lid of evolved magma forcing newly arriving
    magma to move to the circumference where it builds an inflating torus which raises the
    rim and depresses the center, or

    (c) a subglacial eruption is taking place, melting water, which
    flows downhill, or flows uphill, or disappears into cracks, or
    none of the above, since trapped air in the ice is set free and escapes through
    venues unavailable to meltwater or is compressed and can account for the
    missing volume.

    Correct answer is B but reversed. Geology finds often on-ground evidence that fresh eruptions of basalt occur within the caldera, at its edges and middle, while ring-faulting induces rhyolite, old magma eruptions at the edges. Example: Torfajokull.
    But I am not geologist, just a regular hiker.

    Employees of the met office have overflown the glacier on Saturday, October 4,
    but no findings have been made public and this is because:

    (a) they are slothful, or
    (b) the findings are too disturbing to be released to the public, or
    (c) they no longer reside in iceland and are building survival shelters
    south of the equator.

    Correct answer is A. And perhaps they went hollidays to Canary Islands. Common stuff at this time of the year. Or an even more likely cause: clouds made observations difficult. Caveat: I am slothful, so I know what I am talking about.

      2. Yes filled with rhyolite liquidus,with a hot basalt centre….I forgot ,at VC they do not like donuts.;)

  40. I am looking at what should be the live cam shot of the eruption, but I am getting nothing but a dark screen at the moment. Is anyone other than myself having problems?

  42. The latest 1 day GPS change seems to show (to me) inflation of the dike fissue and continuing inflation of the area near Grímsvötn volcano. I have been trying to make sense of the fluctuating GPS series for some time now, and they seem to show pulses of magma into the fissure systems in parallel linements which seems to push the stations away, then a settling back down occurs. See http://en.vedur.is/earthquakes-and-volcanism/gps-measurements/bardarbunga/ and note the changes for Oct 7 to Oct 8th.

    Any idea of when we might hear about the Oct 4th overflight results?

    1. GPS movements indicate inflation in Bardar as quakes get shallow… hmm, this increases strongly changes of a ring-faulted eruption at the caldera edge.

      Or rifting going southwards?

  43. It is said that the fissure was draining from the caldera system even at 40km away .Is not it in the realms of possibility that it could have tapped a higher viscosity lateral of the caldera system?

    1. Is magma of higher viscosity able to travel long distances? Or do you imagine small pockets of higher evolved magma here and there within the fissure system?

      1. Think of the dike passing through a layer of evolved magma on its way to the surface,as that evolved magma goes through a temperature phase change,mixing occurs.Just an idea feel free to shoot it down 🙂

      2. It is still basalt erupting,it would be a subtle change in the composition and viscosity of the basalt with this idea,so it is basalt travelling the distance,with elements of the more evolved magma,feeding into the flow?

  47. IngeB, my grammar probably wasn’t the clearest on last comment.

    Velocity was referring to how I could see the flow rate of lava from web camera in real time unlike before and even from the large distance the camera is from the lava field.

    All my observations are solely from the Mila cam, but at the base of the shield/cone it appears four separate places where magma has found a way out. I assume this from the light pattern being emitted.

    My line of thoughts on Iceland was on the surface it’s one island but below, the MAR makes it two separate entities.

    No intention for any confusion, skal.

  49. I think I’m missing a decoder ring.

    Often when I click on the top links to read the new articles, . . . and afterwards scroll down to read the comments . . . there are no comments. I have to back-page enough to find them.

    I think I don’t understand or am missing something about how to find the comments directly.

    Or maybe there’s a right-of-passage initiation rite I’m still lacking?

    And just for the record . . . I have no intention of ‘mooning’ a volcano–if that’s the initiation rite. {joke}.

    Sure wish we could get some good pics of the juncture of the lava and the river.

    Maybe in a few days.

  50. Thansk, Jon.

    Usually, I don’t see any windown or section or click/button through which to make a comment. Maybe I’m just not seeing something obvious. That can happen with annoying frequency at my age.

    1. That happens to me when I choose the wrong Frimann blog link. Just try another link until you find it!

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